Vertical Farming: An Assessment of Singapore City
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25120/etropic.19.2.2020.3745Keywords:
Singapore, vertical farming, urbanisation, cities, food security, urban farmingAbstract
Urban planners, government leaders, and the farming community have noted the important role cities play in producing their own food to manage higher levels of domestic demand, food insecurity, environmental concerns and affordability. To better understand these issues our research examines urban farming; in particular, the use of vertical farming methods. Such approaches can be used to overcome not only food safety and land resource issues, but also better manage the threats posed by rapid urbanisation. With technological developments in hydroponics, aeroponics and aquaponics, vertical farming has become a much more efficient and affordable means of farming in urban spaces. Overall, these high-tech systems signify a shift in the ways farming and food production can be operationalised. The results from our analysis show that Singapore, a tropical city in Asia, is making significant strides in vertical farming with substantial public and private investment in R&D through high-tech, high-yielding, land-limited farms in high-rise buildings. Despite these initiatives, Singapore faces a highly constrained urban environment where land scarcity is exacerbated by a complex regulatory land use framework.
References
Abel, C. (2010). The vertical garden city: towards a new urban topology. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Journal. 2, 20–30. https://global.ctbuh.org
Al-Chalabi, M. (2015). Vertical farming: Skyscraper sustainability? Sustainable Cities and Society, 18, 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2015.06.003
Armstrong, D. (2000). A survey of community gardens in upstate New York: Implications for health promotion and community development. Health and Place, 6(4), 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-8292(00)00013-7
Astee, L.Y., & Kishnani, N. T. (2010). Building integrated agriculture: utilising rooftops for sustainable food crop cultivation in Singapore. Journal of Green Building, 5(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.3992/jgb.5.2.105
Badami, M.G., & Ramankutty, N. (2015). Urban agriculture and food security: A critique based on an assessment of urban land constraints. Global Food Security, 4, 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2014.10.003
Banerjee, C. & Adenaeuer, L. (2014). Up, up and away! The economics of vertical farming. Journal of Agricultural Studies 2(1), 40-60. https://doi.org/10.5296/jas.v2i1.4526
Benis, K & Ferrao, P. (2018). Commercial farming within the urban built environment – taking stock of an evolving field in northern countries. Global Food Security. 17, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.03.005
Benis, K., Turan, I., Reinhart, C. & Ferrão, P. (2018). Putting rooftops to use—A Cost-Benefit Analysis of food production vs. energy generation under Mediterranean climates. Cities, 78, 166–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.02.011
Benke, K.K. & Tomkins, B. (2017). Future food-production systems: Vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture. Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy 13(1),13-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2017.1394054
Boh, S. (2017, November 17). A vegetable, fish farming system that is truly green. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/a-vegetable-fish-farming-system-that-is-truly-green.
Bohn, K., & Viljoen, A. (2011). The edible city: Envisioning the continuous productive urban landscape (CPUL). Field Journal 4(1), 149–161. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/publications/the-edible-city-envisioning-the-continuous-productive-urban-lands
Boisvert, W. (2013). An environmentalist on the lie of locavorism. The New York Observer. http://observer.com/2013/04/the-lie-of-locavorism/
Chen, Y., & Wong, N.H. (2005). Study of green areas and urban heat island in a tropical city. Habitat International, 29(3), 547-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.04.008
Chong, C. (2019, January 21). Keep calm and carrot on - how agritech could transform farming in Singapore. The Business Times. https://www.enterprisesg.gov.sg/media-centre/news/2019/january/keep-calm-and-carrot-on---how-agritech-could-transform-farming-in-singapore
Choo, C. (2019, Febraury 24). Singapore’s farming revival: 'Tech is the only way to go'. Today Online. Singapore, Mediacorp. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/super-fish-speedy-rice-singapores-farming-revival
CNA (Channel NewsAsia) (2019, November 17). Aquaponics farming: How two hotels are looking to boost their sustainable practices. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/aquaponics-rooftop-farm-fairmont-swissotel-stamford-hotels-12082350
CNN Business (2012, Dec 10). Future Cities - Singapore: Urban farming looking up in Singapore. https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/09/business/eco-singapore-vertical-farm/
Cohen, A., Malone, S., Morris, Z., Weissburg, M. & Bras, B. (2018). Combined Fish and Lettuce Cultivation: An Aquaponics Life Cycle Assessment. Procedia CIRP, 69, 551–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.11.029
Despommier, D. (2010). The vertical farm: feeding the world in the 21st century. Macmillan.
Despommier, D. (2011). The vertical farm: controlled environment agriculture carried out in tall buildings would create greater food safety and security for large urban populations. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 6, 233-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-010-0654-3
Despommier, D. (2013). Farming up the city: the rise of urban vertical farms. Trends Biotechnology, 31, 388–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.03.008
Diehl, J.A., Sia, C.S. & Chandra, A.J. (2019). Cities linked through trans-boundaries: The case of Singapore as an agri-pelago. In E. Gottero (Eds), Agrourbanism: Tools for governance and planning of agrarian landscape, pp. 45-60. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95576-6_4
Draaisma, R.B., Wijels, R. H., Slegers, P., Brentner, L.B., Roy, A. & Barbosa, M.J. (2013). Food commodities from microalgae. Current Opinions in Biotechnology, 24, 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2012.09.012
Ellingsen, E., & Despommier, D. (2008). The vertical farm - The origin of a 21st century. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Journal, 3, 26–34. https://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/449-the-vertical-farm-the-origin-of-a-21st-century-architectural-typology.pdf
Ellis, J. (2012). Agricultural transparency: Reconnecting urban centres with food production. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Fatemeh, K., Mohd, T. O., Akbari, J.R., & Ezaz, F. (2018). Opportunities and challenges in sustainability of vertical farming: A Review. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 11(1), 35-60. https://doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2017-0016
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2014). Urban agriculture. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3696e.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2017). The future of food and agriculture: Trends and Challenges. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
Forchino, A.A., Gennotte, V., Maiolo, S., Brigolin, D., Mélard, C. & Pastres, R. (2018). Eco-designing aquaponics: A case study of an experimental production system in Belgium. Procedia CIRP, 69, 546–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.11.064
Fortado, L. & Terazono, E. (2019, July 9). AeroFarms raises $100m as investors rush to indoor farms. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/cac48190-9d8a-11e9-9c06-a4640c9feebb
Germer, J., Sauerborn, J., Asch, F., de Boer, J., Schreiber, J., Weber, G., & Müller, J. (2011). Skyfarming an ecological innovation to enhance global food security. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 6(2), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-011-0691-6
Greenroofs (n.d.). Changi General Hospital. Retrieved July 9, 2020 from https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/changi-general-hospital/
Grewal, S.S., & Grewal, P.S. (2012). Can cities become self-reliant in food? Cities, 29(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.06.003
Haberman, D., Gillies, L., Canter, A., Rinner, V., Pancrazi, L., & Martellozzo, F. (2014). The potential of urban agriculture in Montréal: A quantitative assessment. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-information, 3(3), 1101–1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3031101
Hale, J., Knapp, C., Bardwell, L., Buchenau, M., Marshall, J., & Sancar, F. (2011). Connecting food environments and health through the relational nature of aesthetics: Gaining insight through the community gardening experience. Social Science and Medicine, 72(11), 1853–1863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.044
Hinrichs, C. (2000). Embeddedness and local food systems: notes on two types of direct agricultural market. Journal of Rural Studies. 16, 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00063-7
Johnson, M.S., Lathuillière, M.J., Tooke, T.R., & Coops, N.C. (2015). Attenuation of urban agricultural production potential and crop water footprint due to shading from buildings and trees. Environmental Research Letters, 10(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/6/064007
Kalantari, F., Tahir, O.M., Joni, R.A., & Fatemi, E. (2018). Opportunities and challenges in sustainability of vertical farming: A review. Journal of Landscape Ecology, 11(1), 35-60. https://doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2017-0016
Kalantari, F., Tahir, O.M., Lahijani, A.M., & Kalantari, S. (2017). A review of vertical farming technology: A guide for implementation of building integrated agriculture in cities. Advanced Engineering Forum, 76-91. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.24.76
Khoo, H. M. (2020). Sky urban solutions: Vertical farming – an urban agriculture solution. Nanyang Technopreneurship Case Centre. http://www.ntc.ntu.edu.sg/ntcc/Documents/Full%20Version/20.%20SKY%20URBAN%20SOLUTIONS%20-%20VERTICAL%20FARMING%20-%20AN%20URBAN%20AGRICULTURE%20SOLUTION.pdf
Kuah, A. T. H. (2018). Tropical Urbanisation and the Life of Public Housing in Singapore. [Special issue Living Cities: Tropical Imaginaries] eTropic: Electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics, 17(1), 41-59 https://doi.org/10.25120/etropic.17.1.2018.3641
Leyl, S. (2014, February 27). How do Singapore's poor families get by? British Broadcasting Corporation. London, United Kingdom. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26349689
Lim, J. (2019, August 29). Vertical farming invention wins global award. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/vertical-farming-invention-wins-global-award
Liu, V. (2019, December 10). Singapore tops food security index for 2nd straight year. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-tops-food-security-index-for-2nd-straight-year
Liu, V. (2020, April 8). Coronavirus: New $30m grant launched to speed up local production of eggs, vegetables and fish. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/coronavirus-new-30m-grant-launched-to-speed-up-local-production-of-eggs-vegetables-and
Liu, V. (2020, May 12). Nine multi-storey carpark rooftops in Singapore to be converted to urban farms. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/nine-multi-storey-carpark-rooftops-in-singapore-to-be-converted-to-urban-farms
Love, D.C., Fry, J. P., Li, X., Hill, E. S., Genello, L., Semmens, K. & Thompson, R. E. (2015). Commercial aquaponics production and profitability: Findings from an international survey. Aquaculture, 435, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.023
Low, B. (2019). Building sustainable urban farms with government support in Singapore. Field Actions Science Reports, Special Issue 20, 98-103. http://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/5824
Low, D.W. (2018, June 20). Strawberries grown in Singapore vertical farm make debut. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/strawberries-grown-in-singapore-vertical-farm-make-debut.
Mansfield, B., & Mendes, W. (2013). Municipal food strategies and integrated approaches to urban agriculture: Exploring three cases from the global north. International Planning Studies, 18(1), 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2013.750942
Meharg, A. (2016, 17 Mar). City farming needs monitoring. Nature, 531, (7594). S60. https://doi.org/10.1038/531S60a
MEWR (Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources) (2019, Mar 7). A MEWR trilogy: Our food and environmental stories develop from our water story. Speech by Mr Masagos Zulkifli, Minister for the Environment and Water Resources, at the Committee of Supply Debate 2019, on March 7, 2019. https://www.mewr.gov.sg/.../speech-by-mr-masagos-zulkifli--minister-for-the -environment-and-water-resources--at-the-committee-of-supply-debate-201
MEWR (Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources) (2020, April 8). 30x30 Express: Ramping Up Local Production to Enhance Singapore’s Food Security. Press Release. https://www.mewr.gov.sg/news/30x30-express--ramping-up-local-production-to-enhance-Singapores-food-security
Montero, J.I., Baeza, E., Heuvelink, E., Rieradevall, J., Muñoz, P., Ercilla, M. & Stanghellini, C. (2017). Productivity of a building-integrated roof top greenhouse in a Mediterranean climate. Agricultural Systems, 158, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.08.002
Morgan, K. (2015). Nourishing the city: The rise of the urban food question in the Global North. Urban Studies, 52(8), 1379–1394. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014534902
Oonincx, D. G. A. B., van Itterbeeck, J., Heetkamp, M. J. W., van den Brand, H., van Loon, J. J. A. & van Huis, A. (2010). An exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption. PLoS ONE, 5, e14445. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014445
Opitz, I., Berges, R., Piorr, A., & Krikser, T. (2016). Contributing to food security in urban areas: differences between urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture in the Global North. Agriculture and Human Values, 33(2), 341-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9610-2
Perez, V.M. (2014). Study of the Sustainability issue of food production using vertical farm Mmethods in an urban environment within the state of Indiana. Thesis. Purdue University. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1242&context=open_access_theses
Pfeiffer, A., Silva, E. & Colquhoun, J. (2013). Innovation in urban agricultural practices: Responding to diverse production environments. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 30(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170513000537
Platt, P. (2007). Vertical Farming: An Interview with Dickson Despommier. Gastronomica, 7(3), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2007.7.3.80
Poulsen, M.N., McNab, P.R., Clayton, M.L. & Neff, R.A. (2015). A systematic review of urban agriculture and food security impacts in low-income countries. Food Policy, 55, 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.07.002
Sanjuan-Delmás, D., Llorach-Massana, P., Nadal, A., Ercilla-Montserrat, M., Muñoz, P., Montero, J. I., Josa, A., Gabarrell, X. & Rieradevall, J. (2018). Environmental assessment of an integrated rooftop greenhouse for food production in cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 177, 326–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.147
Sanye-Mengual, E., Anguclovski, I., Oliver-Sola, J., Montero, J.J. & Rieradevali, J. (2016). Resolving differing stakeholder perceptions of urban rooftop farming in Mediterranean cities: promoting food production as a driver for innovative forms of urban agriculture. Agriculture and Human Values, 33, 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9594-y
Segal, A. (2010). Food desserts: A global crisis in New York City. Causes, Impacts and Solutions. The Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(1), 197-214. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26167795
Shamshiri, R.R., Kalantari, F., Ting, K.C., Thorp, K.R., Hameed, I. A., Weltzien, C., Ahmad, D. & Shad, Z. M. (2018). Advances in greenhouse automation and controlled environment agriculture: A transition to plant factories and urban agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11(1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.25165/j.ijabe.20181101.3210
Siegner, A., Sowerwine, J. & Acey, C. (2018). Does urban agriculture improve food security? Examining the nexus of food access and distribution of urban produced foods in the United States: A systematic review. Sustainability 10(9), 2988. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10092988
Singapore Food Agency (SFA, 2020). Singapore Food Story (SFS) R&D program: Strategic grant call (Theme 1: Sustainable urban food production). https://www.sfa.gov.sg/docs/default-source/food-farming/sfs-rd-grant-call-theme1-informationsheet.pdf
Singapore Magazine. (2015, July – September). Farming in the sky. http://singaporemagazine.sif.org.sg/farming-in-the-sky
Singapore National Parks (n.d.). Community in Blooms Initiatives. Retrieved from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardening/community-in-bloom-initiative.
Sivaman,i S., Bae, N.J., Shin, C.S., Park, J.W., Cho, Y.Y. (2014). An OWL-based ontology model for intelligent service in vertical farm. In: Jeong, H., Obaidat, M., Yen, N. & Park, J. (eds) Advances in computer science and its applications. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 279, 327 – 332, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41674-3_47
Skygreens (n.d.). About Sky Greens. Retrieved July 15, 2020 from https://www.skygreens.com/about-skygreens/
SMART (Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology). (n.d.). Research: Disruptive & sustainable technologies for agricultural precision. Retrieved from https://smart.mit.edu/research/distap/about-distap
Smit, J. & Nasr, J. (1992). Urban agriculture for sustainable cities: Using wastes and idle land and water bodies as resources. Environment and Urbanisation, 4(2), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624789200400214
Smit, J., Nasr, J. & Ratta, A. (2001). Urban agriculture: Food, jobs and sustainable cities. 2001 edition, published with permission from the United Nations Development Program, Washington, D.C. USA: The Urban Agriculture Network, Inc. http://jacsmit.com/book/Chap02.pdf
Specht, K., Siebert, R., Hartmann, I., Freisinger, U.B., Sawicka, M., Werner, A., & Dierich, A. (2014). Urban agriculture of the future: An overview of sustainability aspects of food production in and on buildings. Agriculture and Human Values, 31(1), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-013-9448-4
Specht, K., Siebert, R. & Thomaier, S. (2016). Perception and acceptance of agricultural production in and on urban buildings (ZFarming): A qualitative study from Berlin, Germany. Agricultural Human Values, 33, 753–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9658-z
Specht, K., Zoll, F., Schümann, H., Bela, J., Kachel, J. & Robischon, M. (2019). How will we eat and produce in the cities of the future? From edible insects to vertical farming—A study on the perception and acceptability of new approaches. Sustainability, 11, 4315. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164315
Subramaniam, R., & Lee, S. K. (2012). Aeroponics: Experiences from Singapore on a green technology for urban farming. In D. R. Gallagher (Ed.), Environmental leadership: A reference handbook (pp. 653-662). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218601.n69
Surls, R., Feenstra, G., Golden, S., Galt, R., Hardesty, S., & Napawan, C., (2015). Gearing up to support urban farming in California: Preliminary results of a needs assessment. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 30(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170514000052
Tang, S. K. (2019, March 29). Tech for urban farming among R&D focus as Singapore looks to beef up food security. CNA (Channel News Asia) International Edition. Retrieved from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/singapore-food-security-tech-research-development-11385052
Taylor, J.R., & Lovell, S.T. (2012). Mapping public and private spaces of urban agriculture in Chicago through the analysis of high-resolution aerial images in Google Earth. Landscape and Urban Planning, 108(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.08.001
Teh, C. (2019, March 5). Fresh veggies, all from rooftop farm at HDB carpark. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/fresh-veggies-all-from-rooftop-farm-at-hdb-carpark
Temasek Polytechnic (2019). Aquaculture Innovation Centre Overview. https://www.tp.edu.sg/research-and-industry/centres-of-excellence/aquaculture-innovation-centre-aic.html
The Economist (2010, December 11). Vertical farming: Does it really stack up? The Economist.https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2010/12/11/does-it-really-stack-up
The Economist EIU (2019). The Global Food Security Index. https://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country
The Smart Local (2019, August 9). 9 Urban farms in Singapore for locally-grown vegetables of high quality. https://thesmartlocal.com/read/urban-farms/
Toledano, B. (2019, November 4). The second generation of vertical farming is approaching. Here is why it is important. https://agfundernews.com/the-second-generation-of-vertical-farming-is-approaching-heres-why-its-important.html
UN-Habitat (2014). Integrating urban and peri-urban agriculture into city-level climate change strategies, Cities and Climate Change Initiative, UN-Habitat.
United Nations. (2018, May 16). 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html
Van der Schans, J.W & Wiskerke, J.S.C. (2012). Urban agriculture in developed economies. In A. Viljoen and J. S.C Wiskerke (Eds). Sustainable food planning: evolving theory and practice. Wageningen Academic Publishers pp. 245–258. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-187-3_21
Voss, P. M. (2013). Vertical Farming: An agricultural revolution on the rise. Halmstad, 1–21. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A628988&dswid=8657
Wang, B. (2012, August 11). 4 Story tall vertical farm that is up to ten times more productive than regular farms. NextBigFuture. Retrieved from https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2012/11/4-story-tall-vertical-farm-that-is-up.html
Yuan, C., Shan, R., Adelia, A.S., Tablada, A. Lau, S. K. and Lau, S. S. (2019). Effects of vertical farming on natural ventilation of residential buildings. Energy and Buildings. 185, 316-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.12.028
Yuttitham, M. (2019). Comparison of Carbon Footprint of Organic and Conventional Farming of Chinese Kale. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 17(1), 78 – 92. https://doi.org/10.32526/ennrj.17.1.2019.08
Zachariah, N.A. (2017, June 3). Urban farming in Singapore has moved into a new, high-tech phase. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/home-design/fresh-ideas-for-city-farms
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 CC-BY
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who submit articles to this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors are responsible for ensuring that any material that has influenced the research or writing has been properly cited and credited both in the text and in the Reference List (Bibliography). Contributors are responsible for gaining copyright clearance on figures, photographs or lengthy quotes used in their manuscript that have been published elsewhere.
2. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License that allows others to share and adapt the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, or publish it in a book), with proper acknowledgement of the work's initial publication in this journal.
4. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access or The Open Access Citation Advantage). Where authors include such a work in an institutional repository or on their website (i.e., a copy of a work which has been published in eTropic, or a pre-print or post-print version of that work), we request that they include a statement that acknowledges the eTropic publication including the name of the journal, the volume number and a web-link to the journal item.
5. Authors should be aware that the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License permits readers to share (copy and redistribute the work in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the work) for any purpose, even commercially, provided they also give appropriate credit to the work, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. They may do these things in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests you or your publisher endorses their use.