Across the Tropical Pacific Ocean: Reflections on the Future of Kanaky-New Caledonia
Keywords:
Kanaky-New Caledonia Futurity, Reflexive Narratives, Tropical Futurism, Pacific Futures Imagination, métissageAbstract
Imagination can be found in a range of human activities and the concept of envisioning the future has been a topic of discussion for centuries (Casey, 2000; Fuentes, 2017; Pelizzo, 2024;). Contemporary discussions on forecasting the future can often relate to climate change and geopolitical instability, as their profound impacts effect how societies must adapt. This paper draws attention to the imagined future of the often-overlooked Franco-Melanesian archipelago of Kanaky-New Caledonia in the South Pacific. As the local population faces growing uncertainties about their future, particularly since the riots of May 2024, it is timely to engage in such reflection. This study focuses on the narratives of the authors, three women from Kanaky-New Caledonia, who have migrated to Australia. As observers from across the ocean, we reflect on the challenges and possible futures of our island home; a place that remains deeply connected to our sense of identity. Here we draw from our experiences as women born across three different decades: the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. By sharing our voices, this paper aims to contribute to the broader discussions about the future of Kanaky-New Caledonia.
References
Australian Broadcasting Corporation. (16 October 2024). ABC Launches Australia–New Caledonia Media Partnership with NC La 1ère and Caledonia TV. https://www.abc.net.au/about/media-centre/press-releases/abc-launches-australia-new-caledonia-media-partnership/104479540
Accord de Nouméa. (5 May 1998). Journal officiel de la République française. Lois et décrets (version papier numérisée) n° 0121 du 27/05/1998.
Bishop, K., Etmanski, C., Page, B., Dominguez, B., Heykoop, C. (2019). Narrative Metissage as an Innovative Engagement Practice. Engaged Scholar Journal: Community-Engaged Research, Teaching, and Learning, 5(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.15402/esj.v5i2.68331
Boulard, F. (2015). Australia's education futures and the east-side neighbours. eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics, 14(1), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.25120/etropic.14.1.2015.3367
Boulard, F. (2017). Making Australia's east-side neighbours visible: an investigation into the use of transformative educational strategies as a means of developing knowledge of Australia's east-side neighbours through French-language instruction. PhD thesis, James Cook University.
Boulard, F. (2020). Strengthening Australia's relationships with countries in the Pacific region: education as a vehicle for transformation. Parliament of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Boulard, F. (2022). Picturebooks in New Caledonia: Challenging cultural hegemony for “Une Ecole Calédonienne”. Waikato Journal of Education, 27(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.15663/wje.v26i1.903
Boulard, F., & Osbaldiston, N. (31 May 2024). New Caledonians are looking to Australia as a safe haven but for most migration remains out of reach. The Conversation.
Boroditsky, L. (2018). How language shapes the way we think. TED Talk. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKK7wGAYP6k
Brinkman, C. (2017). The Truth, The Whole Truthiness and Nothing But Alternative Facts. https://theses.liacs.nl/pdf/20172018-CorsBrinkman.pdf
Burke, S. (2019). Reflections on Métissage as an Indigenous research praxis. An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 15(2), 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180119837755
Campbell-Chudoba, R. (2024). Decolonizing Research Methodologies: Weaving a Third Space with Métissage and Duoethnography. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 23, 1–12
Carteron, B., Cugola, U., & Graille, C. (2023). Deux drapeaux, un seul peuple ? Le symbolique à l’épreuve du politique en Kanaky-Nouvelle-Calédonie. Ethnologie française, 54(2), 289-311. https://doi.org/10.3917/ethn.232.0289
Casey, E. (2000), Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, second edition, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie. (31 May 2024). La Chambre de Commerce de Nouvelle-Calédonie tire un premier bilan des émeutes. https://actualites-cci.com/la-chambre-de-commerce-de-nouvelle-caledonie-tire-un-premier-bilan-des-emeutes/
Chao, S., & Enari, D. (2021). Decolonising Climate Change: A Call for Beyond-Human Imaginaries and Knowledge Generation. eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics,20(2), 32-54.
Chappell, D. (1999). The Noumea Accord: Decolonization without Independence in New Caledonia? Pacific Affairs, 72(3), 373-391. https://doi.org/10.2307/2672227
Chappell, D. (2003). The Kanak Awakening of 1969-1976: Radicalizing Anti-Colonialism in New Caledonia. Journal de la Société des Océanistes, 117, 187-202. https://doi.org/10.4000/jso.1268
Colombel, C., & Fillol, V. (2009, July). La construction identitaire des jeunes océaniens francophones. La construction identitaire à l'école, approches pluridisciplinaires conférence. Montpellier, France.
Connell, J. (1987). New Caledonia or Kanaky? The political history of a French colony. National Centre for Development Studies Research School of Pacific Studies. The Australian National University, Canberra Australia.
Connell, J. (2021). The 2020 New Caledonia Referendum: The Slow March to Independence. The Journal of Pacific History, 56(2), 144-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2021.1912584
Davias, C. (2013). Cultural Heritage and Identity in the Literature of Australian South Sea Islanders and Other Media. eTropic: electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics, 12(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.25120/etropic.12.1.2013.3391
David, C. (2019). The road to sovereignty for New Caledonia? Analysis of the November 2018 consultation on self-determination. Small States and Territories Journal, vol.2, pp. 1-17.
Davis, B. (2023). Choose Your Bearing: Édouard Glissant, Human Rights, and Decolonial Ethics (1st ed.). Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781399522434.003.0001
Dingwall, D. (30 November 2024). Why is France holding onto New Caledonia – a Pacific territory on the other side of the world? ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-11-30/why-is-new-caledonia-still-a-french-territory/104619708
Dotte, A., Geneix-Rabault, S., & Vandeputte, L. (2017). Nouméa at the crossroad of New Caledonian multilingualism: Diasporas and linguistic norms. Amerasia Journal, 43(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.17953/aj.43.1.13-32
Dwayne, D. (2012). Indigenous Métissage: a decolonizing research sensibility, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 25(5), 533-555. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2011.554449
Edward, K., Wacalie, F., Lavoie, C., & Lépine, M. (2025). Regards croisés sur des clés d’analyse pour la sélection d’œuvres de littérature jeunesse traitant de savoirs, réalités et cultures autochtones. https://doi.org/10.4000/11ub1
Explore Travel, (March 13, 2024). Australians are heading to this tropical haven in record numbers. Here's why. https://www.exploretravel.com.au/story/8549197/australians-are-heading-to-new-caledonia-in-record-numbers/
Fisher, D. (2019). New Caledonia’s independence referendum: Local and regional implications. Lowy Institute for International Policy. https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/10270
Fillol, V., & Vernaudon, J. (2004). Une école plurilingue en Océanie francophone? Hermès la Revue, 40(3), 294–298. https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/9562
Freyss, Jean. (1995). Économie assistée et changement social en Nouvelle-Calédonie, IEDES.
Foster, R. J. (1997). Nation making: emergent identities in postcolonial Melanesia. University of Michigan Press.
Fuentes, A. (2017). The creative spark: How imagination made humans exceptional. Penguin Random House.
Ghosal, A., & Modak, A. (2023). Imag(in)ing Decolonial Ecology: Exploring Tropical Eco-Graphic Narratives. eTropic: electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics, 22(1), 175–196. https://doi.org/10.25120/etropic.22.1.2023.3975
Glissant, E. (1989). Caribbean discourse: Selected essays. (J.M. Dash, Trans). University Press of Virginia.
Glissant, E. (1997). Traité du tout-monde (Poétique IV). Gallimard.
Gouret, B. (23 October 2024). Pour la province Sud, l’impossible équation du budget 2025. Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes.
Hammad, S. (2011). Senses of place in flux: A generational approach. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 31 (9/10), 555-568. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443331111164142
Harding, S. (30 June 2014). How the world is turning tropical before our eyes. Retrieved from: https://theconversation.com/how-the-world-is-turning-tropical-before-our-eyes-26973
Hardouin, M. (2008). Programmes scolaires, enseignement et Nouvelle-Calédonie: Un enjeu politique majeur pour un territoire en marche vers l’indépendance. Spirale revue de recherches en éducation, 42, 83-93.
Hasebe-Ludt, E., Chambers, C., & Leggo, C. D. (2009). Life writing and literary métissage as an ethos for our times. Peter Lang.
Hau’ofa, E. (1993). Our Sea of islands. In E. Wadell, V. Naidu & E. Hau’ofa (Eds.). New Oceania: rediscovering our sea of islands (pp.2-19). The University of the South Pacific. Suva, Fiji.
Henry, R., Ramoutsaki, H., Long, D., Acciaioli, G., Foale, S., Pocock, C., McBain-Rigg, K., & Wood, M. (2023). Weedy Life: Coloniality, Decoloniality, and Tropicality. eTropic: electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics, 22(1), 236–269. https://doi.org/10.25120/etropic.22.1.2023.3985
Holmes, A. (2020). Researcher Positionality: A Consideration of Its Influence and Place in Qualitative Research - A New Researcher Guide. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 8(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v8i4.3232
Keynes, M. (2024). From apology to truth? Settler colonial injustice and curricular reform in Australia since 2008. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 56 (3), 339-354.
Lear, J. (2006). Radical Hope: Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674040021
Leblic, I. (1993). Les Kanak face au développement. La voie étroite. Grenoble, Presses universitaires de Grenoble avec le concours de l’Agence de développement de la culture Kanak.
Leblic, I. (2003). Chronologie de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Journal de la Société des Océanistes 117, 299-312. https://doi.org/10.4000/jso.1335
Leblic, I. (2007). Kanak identity, new citizenship building and reconciliation. Journal de la Société des Océanistes, 125, 271-282. https://doi.org/10.4000/jso.1004
Lundberg, A., Vasques Vital, A., & Das, S. (2021). Tropical Imaginaries and Climate Crisis: Embracing Relational Climate Discourses. eTropic: electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics, 20(2), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.25120/etropic.20.2.2021.3803
Lundberg, A., Chao, S., Ferrão, R. B., Sinamai, A., Okpadah, S. O., Regis, H., & Chwala, G. L. (2023). Decolonizing the Tropics: Part One. eTropic: electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics, 22(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.25120/etropic.22.1.2023.3998
Maclellan, N. (1999). The Noumea Accord and Decolonisation in New Caledonia. The Journal of Pacific History, 34(3), 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349908572908
Makananise, F. & Madima, S. (2024). Decolonising Digital Media and Indigenisation of Participatory Epistemologies: Languages of the Global South. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003496991
Mandaoué, C. (2003). Pour une école de la réussite en Nouvelle-Calédonie: Actes du colloque sur l’enseignement en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Calédonie.
M’Balla-Ndi, M. (2017). Division in the land of ‘the unspoken’ Examining journalistic practice in contemporary New Caledonia. Society of Media Researchers in Denmark. 62, 52-71. https://doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v33i62.24431
Mbembe, A. (2015). Decolonizing Knowledge and the Question of the Archive. Public Lectures. Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Wiwatersand, Johannesburg.
Merriam, S. B., Johnson-Baily, J., Lee, M-Y., Kee, Y., Ntseane, G., Muhamad, M. (2001). “Power and Positionality: Negotiating Insider/Outsider Status within and Across Cultures.” International Journal of Lifelong Education, 20 (5), 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370120490
Minvielle, S. (2018). Une école calédonienne en quête d’identité: Model français, adaptation, contextualisation, émancipation? Journal de la Société des Océanistes, 147, 501–513. https://doi.org/10.4000/jso.9530
Minvielle, S. (2020). Histoire Kanak: Inclusion ou Marginalisation à l’Ecole en Nouvelle-Calédonie? Didactita Historica, 6, 69–74. https://doi.org/10.33055/DIDACTICAHISTORICA.2020.006.01.69
Mirzoeff, N., & Halberstam, J. (2018). Decolonize media: Tactics, manifestos, histories. Cinema Journal, 57(4), 120-123. https://doi.org/10.1353/cj.2018.0054
Moreton-Robinson, A. (2015). I still call Australia home: Indigenous belonging and place in a white postcolonizing society. In The White Possessive: Property, Power, and Indigenous Sovereignty (pp. 3–18). University of Minnesota Press. https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816692149.003.0001
Muckle, A. (2007). Tropes of (mis)understanding: imagining shared destinies in New Caledonia, 1853-1998. Journal de la Société des Océanistes, 124, 105-118. https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816692149.003.0001
Muckle, A. (2011). ‘Natives’, ‘Immigrants’ and ‘libérés’: The Colonial Regulation of Mobility in New Caledonia. Law Text Culture, 15, 135-161. https://doi.org/10.14453/ltc.648
Muckle, A. (2012). Spectres of violence in a Colonial context: New Caledonia, 1917. University of Hawaii Press. https://doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824835095.001.0001
Muller-Funk, L. (2023). Violence, life aspirations and displacement trajectories in civil war. International Migration, 61(6), 209-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13161
Naylor, S., & Hassan, S. (2012). James Cook University's strategy to engage with the region through the development of a Singapore campus: re-imaging the tropics. In Proceedings of Australian International Education Conference (1) pp. 1-11.
Oedin, M., Dombal, Y., Vajas, P., & Lavery, T. (2024, October 15). Conflict in New Caledonia endangers one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-03359-5
Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat. (2022). 2050 Strategy for the Blue Pacific Continent. Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat. https://forumsec.org/2050
Pelizzo, R. (2024). Imagining the Future. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377222390
Plato, (1969). “Republic, Book 7,” in Plato in Twelve Volumes, trans. Paul Shorey, vol. 5 and 6, 12 vols. Harvard University Press http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg030.perseus-eng1:1.
Quanchi, M. (2013). Australia (not) in the Pacific. Agora, 48(2), 28-35.
Radsch, C. (2016). We the People: Citizen Journalism in the Era of Social Media. Cypberactivism and Citizen Journalism in Egypt, 127-184. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48069-9_4
Small, D. (1995). The Matignon Accords and Kanak Education in New Caledonia. https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/server/api/core/bitstreams/7dac4361-2ba6-4372-ad48-451f0e36c789/content
Small, D. (2017). Education, colonisation and Kanak aspirations in New Caledonia: Historical contexts and contemporary challenges. Pacific Dynamics: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 1(2), 250-263.
Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonising Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. University of Otago Press.
Tawake, P., Rokotuibau, M., Kalpokas-Doan, J., Mua Illingworth, A., Gibert, A., & Smith, Y. (2021). Decolonisation and Locally Led Development. La Trobe University. Institute for Human Security and Social Change. Australian Council for International Development.
Vanclay, F. (2008). Place matters. In Making Sense of Place: Exploring concepts and expressions of place through different senses and lenses. F. Valley, M. Higgins, & A. Blackshaw (Eds) (pp.3-13). National Museum of Australia.
Wadrawane, E.W. (2024). Transforming Kanak Knowledge to Teach Students and Train Teachers in New Caledonia. In M. Kowasch & S.P.J. Batterbury (Eds) Geographies of New Caledonia-Kanaky. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49140-5_14
Wakahugneme, C. & Dutertre. N. (2023, August 9). Etude sur les départs de Nouvelle-Calédonie : 25 % des interrogés envisagent de quitter le territoire. Retrieved from: https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/etude-sur-le-depart-de-nouvelle-caledonie-25-des-interroges-envisagent-de-quitter-le-territoire-1419791.html
Willems, W. (2014). Beyond Normative Dewesternization: Examining Media Culture from the Vantage Point of the Global South. New Media and Mass/Popular Culture in the Global South, 8(1), 7-23. https://doi.org/10.2979/globalsouth.8.1.7
Womack, Y. (2010). Post-Black: How a New Generation is Redefining African American Identity. Chicago Review Press.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 CC-BY

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who submit articles to this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors are responsible for ensuring that any material that has influenced the research or writing has been properly cited and credited both in the text and in the Reference List (Bibliography). Contributors are responsible for gaining copyright clearance on figures, photographs or lengthy quotes used in their manuscript that have been published elsewhere.
2. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License that allows others to share and adapt the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, or publish it in a book), with proper acknowledgement of the work's initial publication in this journal.
4. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access or The Open Access Citation Advantage). Where authors include such a work in an institutional repository or on their website (i.e., a copy of a work which has been published in eTropic, or a pre-print or post-print version of that work), we request that they include a statement that acknowledges the eTropic publication including the name of the journal, the volume number and a web-link to the journal item.
5. Authors should be aware that the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License permits readers to share (copy and redistribute the work in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the work) for any purpose, even commercially, provided they also give appropriate credit to the work, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. They may do these things in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests you or your publisher endorses their use.