Shell artefacts in Cape York Peninsula: A literature review

2024-08-16T08:26:12+10:00

As Australia’s largest peninsula, Cape York Peninsula in Queensland presents abundant opportunities to understand the complex relationship between people and coastal environments. Beyond merely being food refuse, shells demonstrate considerable cultural significance as both practical tools and symbolic objects. Yet studies of shell artefacts across Cape York Peninsula have been limited. The Agayrr Bamangay Milbi (ABM) Project, a Traditional Owner-led archaeological and heritage project focused on the southeast Cape, offers an opportunity to address this issue. As a first step, a comprehensive examination of the existing literature on shell artefacts in the region illuminates their diverse functions and cultural implications, and review of anthropological and archaeological work undertaken since 1985, including new results from archaeological survey, updates the earlier work of Schall (1985). Shell artefacts fall into several categories: utility tools, spoons, fish hooks, component elements (primarily of larger wooden objects), ornaments, rattles and containers. The rich source material underscores the need for more focused and systematic analysis of manufacturing techniques, actualistic studies, and investigations of residues and use-wear on shell objects, as well as detailed studies of specific object classes. Future investigations should focus on conducting more extensive technological analyses and exploring the socio-cultural significance of shell artefacts in greater detail.

A preliminary study of culturally modified sugarbag trees in the Laura Sandstone Basin, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland

2024-08-31T13:44:18+10:00

Erythrophleum spp. (Cooktown ironwood) is an endemic north Australian tree that is a key cultural resource. In Cape York Peninsula (CYP), Traditional Owners value, use, care for and manage the trees in culturally appropriate ways. Members of the Agayrr Bamangay Milbi (ABM) Project team have recorded hundreds of culturally modified Cooktown ironwood trees (CMTs) across southeast CYP, stretching from Jowalbinna in the south to Cape Melville in the north. In this paper we specifically discuss CMTs with evidence of sugarbag extraction. These trees provide a chronological sequence of technology (from stone to steel axes) and an important, if vulnerable, material record of natural resource procurement, cultural knowledge and connections to Country. We show how the significance of sugarbag trees is reflected not only in their ubiquity but also in the iconography of rock art, other cultural associations and archaeological values. A dearth of metal-cut sugarbag scars – in stark contrast to elsewhere in CYP and despite an abundance of such axes circulating amongst Aboriginal groups in the region – is posited to be related to the especially violent local contact history associated with mining. We discuss trends in distribution that invite more detailed studies of the environmental distribution of the Cooktown ironwood and of the contemporary distribution of native bees, noting that non-cultural burning and land-clearing practices represent ongoing threats to CMT survival in the region.

Queensland Archaeological Research

Shell artefacts in Cape York Peninsula: A literature review

A preliminary study of culturally modified sugarbag trees in the Laura Sandstone Basin, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland